[PD] [hid] crashing with segmentation fault

Hans-Christoph Steiner hans at eds.org
Sat Feb 25 21:34:59 CET 2006


Hmm, I wish there was documentation for the linux input system.  It  
seems that the MSC and SYN event types only have a couple defined,  
but they use all sorts.

This is all new to 2.6 kernels, I've only really run this stuff on  
2.4.  So if you want it to be stable, try a 2.4 kernel.  I think the  
MSC fix should be relatively straightforward.  I try to get to it  
shortly, but I won't have any time to test it for a bit.  I am still  
getting setup at my new job, then I'll have a test setup for all  
platforms for Pd in general, including the HID stuff.

.hc

On Feb 24, 2006, at 9:22 AM, Jerome Tuncer wrote:

> Hi Hans-Christopher,
>
> Sorry for being soooooooooooooooooo late in testing the new fixes  
> but here I am (=
>
> There's news:
>
> [hid] only crashes (when polling enabled) with the keyboard of my  
> laptop. As usual, touchpad doesn't report anything (non standard  
> driver). But both my brand new Wacom Graphire and my mouse seem to  
> output stuff without no crash!
>
> Here's the output from [hid] compiled in debug when crashing with  
> the keyboard (space key pressed as reported, but crashes with any  
> key):
> ____________________________________
>
> hid_float
> hid_start
> [hid] polling started
> INPUT_EVENT: msc msc_scan 57
> INPUT_EVENT: key key_space 1
> pd_gui: pd process exited
> Erreur de segmentation
> ____________________________________
>
> Common point between all these keyboard crashes are "msc msc_scan"  
> events...
>
> Another thing: it seems that with this new version I only can get  
> "rel" positions either with my mouse or with the tablet. Is it normal?
>
> Do you need any more output/help?
>
> ++
>
>
>>
>
> Hans-Christoph Steiner a écrit :
>> Please let me know.  I think I committed a better fix more  
>> recently too.
>> .hc
>> On Feb 5, 2006, at 11:08 AM, Jerome Tuncer wrote:
>>> Hi Hans Christopher,
>>>
>>> I hadn't noticed you answered, thread is so down in the list! (-;
>>>
>>> Thanks for the reply, I'll check that out and keep you informed  
>>> about  the results.
>>>
>>> ++
>>>
>>>
>>>>>>
>>> Hans-Christoph Steiner a écrit :
>>>
>>>> Ok, still haven't had a moment to get my Debian going again, but  
>>>> I   thought of something else.  I updated make-arrays-from- 
>>>> input.h.pl to   generate a ev_syn array of 512 items.  This  
>>>> should hopefully prevent   the segfaults on Linux 2.6 kernels  
>>>> until I figure out a better way to   do this.
>>>> .hc
>>>> On Jan 10, 2006, at 1:12 PM, Jerome Tuncer wrote:
>>>>
>>>>> Hi Hans,
>>>>>
>>>>> I just tried replacing the line you told me in hid_linux.c and  
>>>>> it   doesn't work. External compiles well but it still  
>>>>> segfaults with   exactly the same error.
>>>>>
>>>>> Since I don't understand much C programming, I just replaced  
>>>>> what  you  said blindly...
>>>>>
>>>>> Good luck with your PowerBook anyway (-;
>>>>>
>>>>> ++
>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>> Hans-Christoph Steiner a écrit :
>>>>>
>>>>>> Ok, while working on this, my Linux install went down in  
>>>>>> flames.  I    guess "unstable" was actually unstable this  
>>>>>> time.  After a few  long   fscks, I am back on Mac OS X, but  
>>>>>> not yet on Debian.   Anyway, the  Linux  2.6 sync events are  
>>>>>> not used by [hid] and are  not HID events,  but  generated by  
>>>>>> the Linux kernel, so they'll be  eventually removed  so that   
>>>>>> everything is the same across  platform.
>>>>>> For now, try replacing this line in hid_linux.c (line 180):
>>>>>>     else
>>>>>> with this:
>>>>>>     else if ( event_type != EV_SYN )
>>>>>> Sorry, I can't test it myself until I fix Debian on my  
>>>>>> PowerBook.     Arg...
>>>>>> .hc
>>>>>> On Jan 7, 2006, at 10:19 PM, Jerome Tuncer wrote:
>>>>>>
>>>>>>> Hi Haans Christopher,
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> In fact, it seems that both the keyboard and the mouse are  
>>>>>>> making    [hid] crash. Some time ago, when the touchpad used  
>>>>>>> to work, I   remember  it made it crash as well and I'm quite  
>>>>>>> sure it gave   syn_report  messages as well...
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> By the way: [hid] doesn't crash on my desktop which is  
>>>>>>> Debian   testing  as well... I'll check the output to see if  
>>>>>>> syn_report   messages are  present or not.
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> ++
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> Hans-Christoph Steiner a écrit :
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> Are you able to narrow down which device is causing it?   
>>>>>>>> Looks  like    syn_report messages are the culprit.  I don't  
>>>>>>>> have a  device that    outputs syn_report events (IIRC).
>>>>>>>> I'll look at this today.
>>>>>>>> .hc
>>>>>>>> On Jan 6, 2006, at 11:51 PM, Jerome Tuncer wrote:
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>> Hi Hans, hi list,
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>> I just got back to trying to make [hid] work on my laptop  
>>>>>>>>> and I    still  can't...
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>> [hid] is the latest from CVS (Friday, January 6th 2006)  
>>>>>>>>> and  still    gives segmentation faults.
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>> My machine is a PC running Debian unstable with 2.6.14.
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>> Here's more detail:
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>> I have 3 HID peripherals on the machine:
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>> - /dev/input/event0 :: Keyboard
>>>>>>>>> - /dev/input/event1 :: Touchpad
>>>>>>>>> - /dev/input/event2 :: USB Mouse
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>> "$ hexdump /dev/input/event1" doesn't output anything so I   
>>>>>>>>> assume   the  touchpad doesn't send info well. Let's  
>>>>>>>>> forget  about that for   now.
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>> "$ hexdump /dev/input/event0"
>>>>>>>>> "$ hexdump /dev/input/event2"
>>>>>>>>> Both output hex. dataflow.
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>> The output from [print( sent to [hid] compiled in debug  
>>>>>>>>> mode for   the   keyboard is printKeyboard.txt.  
>>>>>>>>> printTouchpad.txt and   printMouse.txt   are the outputs  
>>>>>>>>> from the 2 other peripherals.
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>> The 2 other files (printSegFaultKeyboard.txt and      
>>>>>>>>> printSegFaultMouse.txt)  is the stderr from the two  
>>>>>>>>> peripherals   that   make [hid] crash. Touchpad doesn't  
>>>>>>>>> seem to send anything.
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>> I suspect the problem being similar to what Gerda  
>>>>>>>>> experienced  in:     http://lists.puredata.info/pipermail/ 
>>>>>>>>> pd-list/2005-08/030339.html
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>> Do you know where the problem may come from?
>>>>>>>>> Do you need more output from anything?
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>> ++
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> hid_new
>>>>>>>>> [hid] 0.6, written by Hans-Christoph Steiner <hans at eds.org>
>>>>>>>>> hid_open
>>>>>>>>> [hid] opened device 0 (/dev/input/event0): AT Translated  
>>>>>>>>> Set 2    keyboard
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>> Device 0: 'AT Translated Set 2 keyboard' on '/dev/input/ 
>>>>>>>>> event0'
>>>>>>>>> Device 1: 'SynPS/2 Synaptics TouchPad' on '/dev/input/event1'
>>>>>>>>> Device 2: 'Microsoft Microsoft Wheel Mouse Optical®' on      
>>>>>>>>> '/dev/input/event2'
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>> Supported events:
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>   TYPE  CODE    EVENT NAME
>>>>>>>>> -----------------------------------------------------------
>>>>>>>>>   syn   syn_report      Synchronization
>>>>>>>>>   syn   syn_config      Synchronization
>>>>>>>>>   syn   ?       Synchronization
>>>>>>>>>   syn   ev_9    Synchronization
>>>>>>>>>   syn   ev_12   Synchronization
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>   TYPE  CODE    EVENT NAME
>>>>>>>>> -----------------------------------------------------------
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_esc Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_1   Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_2   Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_3   Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_4   Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_5   Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_6   Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_7   Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_8   Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_9   Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_0   Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_minus       Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_equal       Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_backspace   Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_tab Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_q   Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_w   Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_e   Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_r   Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_t   Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_y   Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_u   Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_i   Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_o   Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_p   Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_leftbrace   Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_rightbrace  Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_enter       Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_leftctrl    Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_a   Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_s   Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_d   Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_f   Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_g   Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_h   Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_j   Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_k   Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_l   Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_semicolon   Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_apostrophe  Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_grave       Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_leftshift   Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_backslash   Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_z   Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_x   Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_c   Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_v   Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_b   Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_n   Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_m   Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_comma       Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_dot Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_slash       Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_rightshift  Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_kpasterisk  Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_leftalt     Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_space       Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_capslock    Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_f1  Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_f2  Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_f3  Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_f4  Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_f5  Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_f6  Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_f7  Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_f8  Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_f9  Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_f10 Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_numlock     Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_scrolllock  Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_kp7 Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_kp8 Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_kp9 Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_kpminus     Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_kp4 Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_kp5 Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_kp6 Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_kpplus      Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_kp1 Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_kp2 Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_kp3 Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_kp0 Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_kpdot       Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_zenkakuhankaku      Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_102nd       Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_f11 Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_f12 Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_ro  Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_katakana    Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_hiragana    Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_henkan      Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_katakanahiragana    Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_muhenkan    Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_kpjpcomma   Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_kpenter     Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_rightctrl   Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_kpslash     Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_sysrq       Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_rightalt    Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_home        Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_up  Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_pageup      Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_left        Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_right       Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_end Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_down        Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_pagedown    Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_insert      Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_delete      Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_macro       Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_mute        Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_volumedown  Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_volumeup    Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_power       Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_kpequal     Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_kpplusminus Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_pause       Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_kpcomma     Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_yen Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_leftmeta    Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_rightmeta   Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_compose     Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_stop        Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_calc        Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_sleep       Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_wakeup      Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_www Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_mail        Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_bookmarks   Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_computer    Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_back        Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_forward     Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_nextsong    Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_playpause   Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_previoussong        Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_stopcd      Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_refresh     Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_f13 Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_f14 Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_f15 Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_search      Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>   key   key_media       Keys/Buttons
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>   TYPE  CODE    EVENT NAME
>>>>>>>>> -----------------------------------------------------------
>>>>>>>>>   msc   msc_scan        Miscellaneous
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>   TYPE  CODE    EVENT NAME
>>>>>>>>> -----------------------------------------------------------
>>>>>>>>>   led   led_numl        LEDs
>>>>>>>>>   led   led_capsl       LEDs
>>>>>>>>>   led   led_scrolll     LEDs
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>   TYPE  CODE    EVENT NAME
>>>>>>>>> -----------------------------------------------------------
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>> Detected:
>>>>>>>>>   5 Sync types
>>>>>>>>>   142 Key/Button types
>>>>>>>>>   1 Misc types
>>>>>>>>>   3 LED types
>>>>>>>>> hid_new
>>>>>>>>> [hid] 0.6, written by Hans-Christoph Steiner <hans at eds.org>
>>>>>>>>> hid_open
>>>>>>>>> [hid] opened device 2 (/dev/input/event2): Microsoft  
>>>>>>>>> Microsoft   Wheel   Mouse Optical®
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>> Device 0: 'AT Translated Set 2 keyboard' on '/dev/input/ 
>>>>>>>>> event0'
>>>>>>>>> Device 1: 'SynPS/2 Synaptics TouchPad' on '/dev/input/event1'
>>>>>>>>> Device 2: 'Microsoft Microsoft Wheel Mouse Optical®' on      
>>>>>>>>> '/dev/input/event2'
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>> Supported events:
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>   TYPE  CODE    EVENT NAME
>>>>>>>>> -----------------------------------------------------------
>>>>>>>>>   syn   syn_report      Synchronization
>>>>>>>>>   syn   syn_config      Synchronization
>>>>>>>>>   syn   ?       Synchronization
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>   TYPE  CODE    EVENT NAME
>>>>>>>>> -----------------------------------------------------------
>>>>>>>>>   key   btn_0   btn_left
>>>>>>>>>   key   btn_1   btn_right
>>>>>>>>>   key   btn_2   btn_middle
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>   TYPE  CODE    EVENT NAME
>>>>>>>>> -----------------------------------------------------------
>>>>>>>>>   rel   rel_x   Relative Axis
>>>>>>>>>   rel   rel_y   Relative Axis
>>>>>>>>>   rel   rel_wheel       Relative Axis
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>> Detected:
>>>>>>>>>   3 Sync types
>>>>>>>>>   3 Key/Button types
>>>>>>>>>   3 Relative Axis types
>>>>>>>>> hid_new
>>>>>>>>> [hid] 0.6, written by Hans-Christoph Steiner <hans at eds.org>
>>>>>>>>> hid_open
>>>>>>>>> [hid] opened device 0 (/dev/input/event0): AT Translated  
>>>>>>>>> Set 2    keyboard
>>>>>>>>> hid_float
>>>>>>>>> hid_start
>>>>>>>>> [hid] polling started
>>>>>>>>> INPUT_EVENT: msc msc_scan 57
>>>>>>>>> INPUT_EVENT: key key_space 1
>>>>>>>>> INPUT_EVENT: syn syn_report 0
>>>>>>>>> pd_gui: pd process exited
>>>>>>>>> Erreur de segmentation
>>>>>>>>> hid_new
>>>>>>>>> [hid] 0.6, written by Hans-Christoph Steiner <hans at eds.org>
>>>>>>>>> hid_open
>>>>>>>>> [hid] opened device 2 (/dev/input/event2): Microsoft  
>>>>>>>>> Microsoft   Wheel   Mouse Optical®
>>>>>>>>> hid_float
>>>>>>>>> hid_start
>>>>>>>>> [hid] polling started
>>>>>>>>> INPUT_EVENT: rel rel_x 4
>>>>>>>>> INPUT_EVENT: syn syn_report 0
>>>>>>>>> socket receive error: Connection reset by peer (104)
>>>>>>>>> Erreur de segmentation
>>>>>>>>> hid_new
>>>>>>>>> [hid] 0.6, written by Hans-Christoph Steiner <hans at eds.org>
>>>>>>>>> hid_open
>>>>>>>>> [hid] opened device 1 (/dev/input/event1): SynPS/2  
>>>>>>>>> Synaptics   TouchPad
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>> Device 0: 'AT Translated Set 2 keyboard' on '/dev/input/ 
>>>>>>>>> event0'
>>>>>>>>> Device 1: 'SynPS/2 Synaptics TouchPad' on '/dev/input/event1'
>>>>>>>>> Device 2: 'Microsoft Microsoft Wheel Mouse Optical®' on      
>>>>>>>>> '/dev/input/event2'
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>> Supported events:
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>   TYPE  CODE    EVENT NAME
>>>>>>>>> -----------------------------------------------------------
>>>>>>>>>   syn   syn_report      Synchronization
>>>>>>>>>   syn   syn_config      Synchronization
>>>>>>>>>   syn   ?       Synchronization
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>   TYPE  CODE    EVENT NAME
>>>>>>>>> -----------------------------------------------------------
>>>>>>>>>   key   btn_0   btn_left
>>>>>>>>>   key   btn_1   btn_right
>>>>>>>>>   key   btn_2   btn_middle
>>>>>>>>>   key   btn_5   btn_forward
>>>>>>>>>   key   btn_6   btn_back
>>>>>>>>>   key   btn_5   btn_tool_finger
>>>>>>>>>   key   btn_10  btn_touch
>>>>>>>>>   key   btn_13  btn_tool_doubletap
>>>>>>>>>   key   btn_14  btn_tool_tripletap
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>   TYPE  CODE    EVENT NAME
>>>>>>>>> -----------------------------------------------------------
>>>>>>>>>   abs   abs_x   Absolute Axis
>>>>>>>>>   abs   abs_y   Absolute Axis
>>>>>>>>>   abs   abs_pressure    Absolute Axis
>>>>>>>>>   abs   abs_tool_width  Absolute Axis
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>> Detected:
>>>>>>>>>   3 Sync types
>>>>>>>>>   9 Key/Button types
>>>>>>>>>   4 Absolute Axis types
>>>>>>>>> _______________________________________________
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>>>>>>>>                                                           - 
>>>>>>>> Edsger     Dykstra
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>
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>>>>>>
>>>> ___________________________________________________________________ 
>>>> ___ __ ____
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